What role does estrogen play in men?

Hormones are chemical messengers produced in the endocrine glands. They regulate essential body functions – from basic needs such as hunger to complex processes such as reproduction. Reproductive hormones like estrogen and testosterone play important roles in both women and men. While estrogen is often referred to as a “female sex hormone,” it is also essential for male health. It influences bone health, brain function, the cardiovascular system, sexual function, and fertility.

This article explains how men produce estrogen, its functions, the symptoms of imbalances, possible causes, and when medical evaluation is recommended.

Table of Contents

• What are androgens and estrogens?
• How men produce estrogen
• What is the function of estrogen in men?
• Symptoms of hormonal imbalance
• Causes of high and low estrogen in men
• Regulating estrogen levels in men
• FAQ – Frequently Asked Questions
  
• Conclusion

What are androgens and estrogens?

Reproductive hormones can be broadly divided into androgens and estrogens.

• Androgens (e.g., testosterone, DHEA): Produced in higher amounts in men and responsible for male traits such as body hair, muscle mass, deep voice, and reproduction. Mainly produced in the testes, adrenal glands, and (in women) in the ovaries (Cleveland Clinic, 2021).

• Estrogens: A group of sex hormones primarily produced in the ovaries in women, but also present in men in smaller amounts (Cleveland Clinic, 2022). There are three forms: estrone, estradiol, and estriol. Estradiol is the most biologically active form and the one most relevant for male health.

How men produce estrogen

In men, estrogen is not produced directly in the testes but mainly through the conversion of testosterone into estradiol. This conversion occurs in the testes, adrenal glands, brain, fat tissue, skin, and bones, and is enabled by the enzyme aromatase (Cooke et al, 2017).

What is the function of estrogen in men?

A balanced level of estrogen is important for many processes, including:

• Reproductive system: Supports sperm production, libido, and fertility (Schulster et al., 2016).

• Bone health: Regulates bone density and protects against osteoporosis (Cauley, 2014).

• Cardiovascular health: Helps regulate cholesterol levels and may protect against heart disease. Men with heart problems often show lower estrogen and testosterone levels (Bajelan et al., 2019).

• Brain health: Supports cognitive performance, memory, and mood (Luine, 2014).

Symptoms of hormonal imbalance

High estrogen levels in men

An excess of estrogen may cause the following symptoms (Haghighi, 2020): 

• Gynecomastia (enlarged breast tissue)

• Erectile dysfunction

• Reduced libido

• Weight gain, particularly around the abdomen

• Fatigue

• Mood swings or depression

• Loss of muscle mass

• Infertility

Low estrogen levels in men

A mild deficiency is often harmless but can also cause symptoms. A common underlying cause is hypogonadism, a condition where the testes produce insufficient hormones (Jewell, 2023). Symptoms may include:

• Reduced libido

• Erectile dysfunction

• Increased body fat

• Reduced bone density (osteoporosis)

• Mood swings or irritability

Causes of high and low estrogen in men

Causes of high estrogen levels

• Medications (e.g., certain antibiotics, antipsychotics, or herbal remedies such as ginseng)

• Overweight and excess body fat

• Liver disease

• Adrenal tumors

• Hormonal disorders such as hypogonadism

Causes of low estrogen levels

• Autoimmune diseases

• Kidney or liver disease

• Genetic disorders

• Malnutrition or rapid weight loss

• Tumors in the pituitary gland or testes

• Undescended testes (cryptorchidism)

Source: Jewell, 2023

Reference ranges for estradiol in men (blood values)

• Adult men: approx. 10–40 pg/ml (may vary by laboratory): Values outside this range should be evaluated by a physician.

Regulating estrogen levels in men

Maintaining a balanced hormone profile is important for overall health and wellbeing. Helpful approaches include:

• Medical treatment: Depending on the underlying cause, guided by a physician.

• Reduce alcohol consumption: Excessive alcohol strains the liver and lowers testosterone, thereby disturbing hormone balance (Yafi et al., 2016).

• Healthy lifestyle: Regular exercise, sufficient sleep, and a balanced diet promote hormonal stability.

Important: If you suspect a hormonal imbalance, you should always consult a doctor.

FAQ – Frequently Asked Questions 

What is the role of estrogen in men?
It regulates libido, sperm production, bone density, heart health, and cognitive functions.

What happens if men have too much estrogen?
Possible symptoms include weight gain, breast enlargement, loss of libido, mood swings, and infertility.

And with too little estrogen?
The risk of osteoporosis increases, and symptoms such as low libido, fatigue, and irritability may occur.

How can I test my estrogen levels?
Estradiol levels can be measured with a blood test. 

When should I see a doctor?
If you experience persistent symptoms such as reduced libido, erectile dysfunction, unexplained weight gain, or mood changes, you should seek medical advice.

Conclusion

Estrogen is not just a “female hormone,” but also vital for male health. An imbalance – whether too high or too low – can lead to a wide range of symptoms. With a healthy lifestyle and medical guidance, hormone imbalances can be treated, improving overall wellbeing.